This study aimed to identify the most important methods and approaches used by specialists in constructing measurement tools in social and educational sciences from the perspective of classical measurement theory, through the following foundations: -The method of apparent equal intervals (Thurston) -The method of semantic differential (Osgood) -The cumulative scaling method (Guttman) -The method of collective estimation (Likert) -The method of measuring social relations (Moreno) The study also outlined the points of agreement and difference between these methods in constructing psychological and educational scales, while offering suggestions in the fields of psychometrics, idiometrics, and sociometrics.

construction of measurement tools, Thurstone method, Guttman, Likert, Moreno, Likert.