Urbanization is a global phenomenon that has significant environmental impacts. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the environmental impacts of urbanization and explores mitigation and adaptation strategies. The paper examines historical trends and patterns of urbanization, factors driving urbanization, and the current state of urbanization globally. It discusses the environmental impacts of urbanization, including air and water pollution, land degradation, and waste management issues. The paper also analyzes mitigation and adaptation strategies, such as sustainable urban planning practices, green infrastructure initiatives, and waste reduction programs. Challenges and future directions in urbanization are discussed, highlighting the need for balancing economic growth with environmental conservation and addressing social equity and environmental justice in urban areas. Policy recommendations for sustainable urbanization are also provided.

Urbanization, environmental impacts, sustainable urban planning, green infrastructure, waste management, mitigation, adaptation, sustainability